Introduction
The manufacturing and utilization of nanoparticles (NPs) has expanded dramatically as a result of the rapid development of nanotechnology. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are one of the most important nanoparticles, and they have been widely used for medical and non-medical applications as ideal material because of their unique distinct features: inert, biocompatible, and especially due to low toxicity[1]. Gold nanoparticles (NPs) have received great interests in nanotechnology implementations like organic photovoltaics, sensory platforms, diagnosis and therapy, probes in biological media, electronic system, and nanozymes[2].
Application
1.Anticancer therapy
Cancer becomes greatest critical soundness problems, the most reason of death in the globe. Significant developments in nanomedicine have given rise to cancer detection and treatment. Due to low toxicity of AgNPs compared to other metal nanoparticles, it showed a predominant preference in medical applications, especially due to low toxicity. Gold nanoparticles also shown outstanding diagnostic and therapeutic uses, including biosensors, targeted distribution of anticancer medications, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Gold nanoparticles with increased absorption and scattering properties, optical tenability, and specific tumor targeting competence (Anticancer Activity) for cancer care[3].
2.Drug delivery
Precise delivery of nano-vehicles to diseased tissues, monitoring the rate and area of release of drugs, enhancing drug bioavailability at the goal site, improving drug solubility and stability are few of the attractive features of medication by the use of nanoparticles that reduced mortality. Liposomes, polymers, dendrimers, and metallic nanoparticles have all been used in medicine, but AuNPs have exceptional properties that make them the ideal drug delivery scaffold. AuNPs have easy preparation, are bioinert, and are non-toxic, making them suitable for nano carrier building[4].
3.Nano-sensor and biomarker
It is important to calculate the ionizing radiation level of therapeutic radiation, which depends on precise and fast radiation measurements. A new and highly sensitive nano-sensor for Gamma detection is created, with single-stranded DNA fragments serving as “radiation-sensitive data” and gold nanoparticles serving as “signal reporter.” Under optimal conditions, the radiation nano-sensor has outstanding linearity in the 0–100 Gy dose scale[5].
4.Antimicrobial agents
It is possible that the use of gold nanoparticles as new antibacterial agents may provide a viable alternative to the current methods of limiting or inhibiting the growth of many pathogenic species. The gold nanoparticles synthesized with the help of Solanum nigrum leaf extract were expected to have free radical scavenging action as well as antibacterial static agents, which they achieved. The DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging abilities of these nanoparticles were demonstrated. These nanoparticles also greatly suppressed the growth of pathogenic Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Bacillus subtilis, as well as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa[6].
5.Colorimetric sensing of AuNPs
Colorimetric usage of AuNPs in sensing is one of the most promising analytical approaches for recognizing analytes and detecting biomolecules such as amino acids, peptides and proteins, nucleic acids, inorganic ions, and enzymes. The key mechanism is that while the lengths between the antiparticles are smaller than the average diameter of the AuNPs, the color changes from red to blue, which is readily detectable through the naked eye[7].
6.Colloidal gold test strip
Colloidal gold test strip, scientifically known as colloidal gold immunochromatography, is a new technology that combines nano-scale gold particles with antibody proteins in traditional immunological detection methods. This technology can detect a variety of harmful substances in food, such as pesticide residues, veterinary residues, etc., with the advantages of easy operation, fast, visible to the naked eye. With the development of process technology, the cost of colloidal gold test strips has been reduced, making its application in food safety, disease prevention and control of rapid detection is becoming more and more widespread[8].
References
[1]Hammami I, Alabdallah N M. Gold nanoparticles: Synthesis properties and applications[J]. Journal of king Saud university-science, 2021, 33(7): 101560.
[2]Teimouri M, Khosravi-Nejad F, Attar F, et al. Gold nanoparticles fabrication by plant extracts: synthesis, characterization, degradation of 4-nitrophenol from industrial wastewater, and insecticidal activity–a review[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 184: 740-753.
[3]Dykman L A, Khlebtsov N G. Gold nanoparticles in chemo-, immuno-, and combined therapy: review[J]. Biomedical optics express, 2019, 10(7): 3152-3182.
[4]Beik J, Khateri M, Khosravi Z, et al. Gold nanoparticles in combinatorial cancer therapy strategies[J]. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2019, 387: 299-324.
[5]Wang K, Zhang W, Zhang X, et al. Highly sensitive gold nanoparticles–DNA nanosensor for γ-radiation detection[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(37): 42403-42409.
[6]Muthuvel A, Adavallan K, Balamurugan K, et al. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Solanum nigrum leaf extract and screening their free radical scavenging and antibacterial properties[J]. Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition, 2014, 4(2): 325-332.
[7]Qin L, Zeng G, Lai C, et al. “Gold rush” in modern science: fabrication strategies and typical advanced applications of gold nanoparticles in sensing[J]. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2018, 359: 1-31.
[8]Hayat M A. Colloidal gold: principles, methods, and applications[M]. Elsevier, 2012.
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